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Ayaan Hirsi Ali (, born Ayaan Hirsi Magan, on 13 November 1969) is a Somali-born Dutch-American dual citizen activist, author, and politician. She is critical of female genital mutilation and Islam,〔 and supportive of women's rights and atheism. Her latest book was released in 2015 and is called: ''Heretic: Why Islam Needs a Reformation Now''. Hirsi Ali is the daughter of the Somali politician and opposition leader Hirsi Magan Isse. She and her family left Somalia in 1977 for Saudi Arabia, then Ethiopia, and later settled in Kenya. In 1992, Ali sought and obtained political asylum in the Netherlands. Following graduate work, she published articles on her political views and spoke in support of Muslim women becoming atheist. In 2003, Hirsi Ali was elected a member of the House of Representatives (the lower house of the Dutch parliament), representing the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). A political crisis related to the validity of her Dutch citizenship led to her resignation from parliament, and indirectly to the fall of the second Balkenende cabinet in 2006. Ayaan has been a vocal critic of Islam. In 2004, she collaborated on a short movie with Theo van Gogh, entitled ''Submission'', the English rendering of the word "Islam". The documentary sparked controversy, which resulted in death threats against the two and the eventual assassination of Van Gogh later that year by a Dutch Muslim. In a 2007 interview, she described Islam as an "enemy" that needs to be defeated before peace can be achieved.〔 But in her latest book ''Heretic'' (2015) she moderated her views of Islam and now calls for a reform of the religion by supporting reformist Muslims. In 2005, Hirsi Ali was named by ''Time'' magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world.〔 She has also received several awards, including a free speech award from the Danish newspaper ''Jyllands-Posten'', the Swedish Liberal Party's Democracy Prize, and the Moral Courage Award for commitment to conflict resolution, ethics, and world citizenship.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Biography of Ayaan Hirsi Ali )〕 Hirsi Ali has published two autobiographies: in 2006〔("Infidel: My Life" by Ayaan Hirsi Ali – Faith, doubt and falsehood" )〕 and 2010. Hirsi Ali emigrated to the United States, where she was a fellow of the American Enterprise Institute.〔(), ''Wall Street Journal''〕 She founded the women’s rights organisation the AHA Foundation.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The AHA Foundation )〕 She became a naturalised U.S. citizen in 2013 and that year was made a fellow at the Kennedy Government School at Harvard University and a member of The Future of Diplomacy Project at the Belfer Center. She is married to British historian and public commentator Niall Ferguson. ==Early life and education == Ayaan was born in 1969 in Mogadishu, Somalia. Her father, Hirsi Magan Isse, was a prominent member of the Somali Salvation Democratic Front and a leading figure in the Somalian Revolution. Shortly after she was born, her father was imprisoned owing to his opposition to the Siad Barre government.〔("A critic of Islam: Dark secrets," ) ''The Economist''. Volume 382. Number 8515. ( 10th–16 February 2007): Page 87.: “The family’s troubles began in 1969, the year Ms Hirsi Ali was born. That was also the year that Mohammed Siad Barre, a Somali army commander, seized power in a military coup. Hirsi Magan was descended from the traditional rulers of the Darod, Somalia’s second biggest clan. Siad Barre, who hailed from a lesser Darod family, feared and resented Ms Hirsi Ali’s father’s family, she says. In 1972, Siad Barre had Hirsi Magan put in prison from which he escaped three years later and fled the country.’〕 Hirsi Ali’s father had studied abroad and was opposed to female genital mutilation. But, while he was imprisoned, Hirsi Ali’s grandmother had the traditional procedure performed on five-year-old Hirsi Ali.〔 After her father escaped from prison, he and the family left Somalia, going to Saudi Arabia and then to Ethiopia, before settling in Nairobi, Kenya, by 1980. There he established a comfortable upper-class life for them. Hirsi Ali attended the English-language Muslim Girls’ Secondary School. By the time she reached her teens, Saudi Arabia was funding religious education in numerous countries and its religious views were becoming influential among many Muslims. A charismatic religious teacher, trained under this aegis, joined Hirsi Ali’s school. She inspired the teenaged Ayaan, as well as some fellow students, to adopt the more rigorous Saudi Arabian interpretations of Islam, as opposed to the more relaxed versions then current in Somalia and Kenya. Hirsi Ali said later that she had long been impressed by the Qur’an and had lived “by the Book, for the Book” throughout her childhood.〔("To submit to the Book is to submit to their Hell" ), extract of speech in ''Sydney Morning Herald,'' 4 June 2007.〕 She sympathised with the views of the Islamist Muslim Brotherhood, and wore a ''hijab'' with her school uniform. This was unusual at the time but has become more common among some young Muslim women. At the time, she agreed with the ''fatwa'' proclaimed against British writer Salman Rushdie in reaction to the portrayal of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in his novel ''The Satanic Verses''.〔Interviewed by David Cohen, published 2 February 2007 (LAWCF.org ) and identically here () Retrieved 24 March 2007.〕 After completing secondary school, Hirsi Ali attended a secretarial course at Valley Secretarial College in Nairobi for one year. As she was growing up, she also read English-language adventure stories, such as the Nancy Drew series, with modern heroine archetypes who pushed the limits of society. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ayaan Hirsi Ali」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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